View the profiles of people named Ivan Part II. Join Facebook to connect with Ivan Part II and others you may know. Facebook gives people the power to.Ivan II facts, information, pictures. Encyclopedia of Russian History. COPYRIGHT 2. 00. 4 The Gale Group Inc.(1. Moscow and grand prince of Vladimir. In the 1. 34. 0s Lithuania encroached into western Russia and challenged the Golden Horde for control of Russian towns. Thus the prince of Moscow and other princes had to establish relations with both foreign powers. Ivan's elder brother Simeon and father Ivan I Danilovich . Ivan, a weak ruler under whose reign Moscow's authority declined, charted a different course. After Simeon died in 1. Ivan traveled to Saray, where Khan Jani- Beg, against the objections of Novgorod and Suzdal- Nizhny Novgorod, gave him the patent for the grand princely throne of Vladimir. Later, however, he was persuaded to establish cordial relations with Lithuania and to decrease Moscow's subordination to the khan. He formed a treaty with pro- Lithuanian Suzdal, arranged a marriage alliance with Lithuania, and prevented Tatar envoys from entering Muscovite lands. His change of policy kindled serious opposition. Many of his councilors fled to pro- Tatar Ryazan, thus weakening Moscow's internal solidarity.
In 1547, Ivan IV, grandson of Ivan the Great, was crowned the first czar of all Russia. When Ivan the Terrible died in 1584. Metropolitan Alexei also sided with the defectors. When the khan himself challenged Ivan, he yielded to the pressure. In 1. 35. 7 he submitted to Berdi- Beg, the new khan, and was reconciled with his disgruntled boyars. But he failed to increase Moscow's territories, and Novgorod ignored him. Moreover, in the testament he issued before his death, he confirmed the practice of hereditary appanages, which his brother Simeon had first espoused, and which further fragmented the Moscow principality. He died on November 1. See also: golden horde; moscow. Fennell, John L. The Emergence of Moscow 1. London: Secker and Warburg. Martin, Janet. Medieval Russia 9. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Moscow—died Oct. 2. Moscow) grand prince of Moscow (1. Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from Poland–Lithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol- derived Tatars. He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state. Early life and reign. Ivan was born at the height of the civil war that raged between supporters of his father, Grand Prince Vasily II of Muscovy, and those of his rebellious uncles. His early life was dramatic and tumultuous: when his father was arrested and blinded by his cousin in 1. Ivan was first hidden in a monastery and then smuggled to safety, only to be treacherously handed over to his father’s captors later in the year; shortly after his father’s release in the same year Ivan was solemnly affianced—for purely political reasons—to the daughter of the Grand Prince of Tver, whom he married in 1. During the last years of his father’s reign, he gained experience in the arts of war and government. At the age of 1. 2 he was placed nominally in command of a military expedition dispatched to deal with the remnants of his father’s internal enemies in the far north; and at 1. Tatars in the south. Vasily II died on March 2. Ivan as grand prince of Moscow. Little is known of Ivan’s activities during the early part of his reign. Apart from a series of sporadic and largely successful campaigns against his eastern neighbours, the Tatars of Kazan, there was evidently not much beyond the routine business of ruling to occupy him. But his private life soon changed radically. In 1. 46. 7 his childhood bride died (perhaps poisoned), leaving him with only one son. In view of the primitive state of Muscovite medicine and the demonstrable reluctance of Ivan’s brothers to see the royal line continued longer than was necessary, the likelihood of the son predeceasing his father and thus robbing him of an heir appeared only too real, and another wife had to be sought. Curiously, the initiative seems to have come from outside; in 1. Cardinal Bessarion wrote from Rome offering Ivan the hand of his ward and pupil, Zo. It took three years before the fat and unattractive Zo. He set himself the task of reconquering from Poland–Lithuania the Ukrainian possessions of his forefathers. But first the independent Great Russian lands had to be annexed or subdued and subservience to the Tatars had to be repudiated. After rendering the Kazan Horde on his eastern flank temporarily impotent by a series of campaigns (1. Ivan attempted to subdue Novgorod and its huge northern empire. He repeatedly invaded Novgorod, formally forced it to accept his sovereignty (1. By 1. 48. 9 Novgorod could offer no more resistance to Ivan. Of the remaining Russian lands still technically independent in 1. Yaroslavl and Rostov were annexed by treaty (1. Tver offered little resistance and meekly yielded to Moscow in 1. Ryazan and Pskov alone retained their independence at the cost of abject subservience to their virtual suzerain. Test Your Knowledge. Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction? Freedom from subjection to Khan Ahmed of the Golden Horde came in 1. To counterbalance Ahmed’s friendship with Poland–Lithuania, Ivan concluded an invaluable alliance with Khan Mengli Girei of Crimea. After a victorious campaign by Ivan in 1. Ahmed withdrew his forces from Ivan’s dominions, and although Ahmed’s sons continued to worry Moscow and Crimea until their final defeat in 1. Ivan from 1. 48. 0 no longer considered himself a vassal of the Khan and entered the field of European diplomacy as an independent sovereign. By tact and diplomacy he managed to maintain his friendship with Mengli and to avoid serious trouble in Kazan for the rest of his reign. Britannica Lists & Quizzes. In 1. 48. 0 Ivan also had to cope with the danger of rebellion by his two brothers Andrey and Boris, who had been incensed by his high- handed appropriation of their deceased elder brother’s estates. They defected with their armies to the western frontiers but eventually returned and acknowledged Ivan’s territorial acquisitions and primacy. Late reign. In 1. Ivan’s eldest son by his first wife died of gout. He had been ineptly treated by a Jewish doctor who had been brought to Russia by Sofia’s brother, and Ivan suspected foul play. He now had to solve the problem of who was to be his heir—his eldest son’s son Dmitry (born 1. Sofia, Vasily (born 1. For seven years he vacillated. Then, in 1. 49. 7, he nominated Dmitry as heir. Sofia, anxious to see her son assured of the throne, planned rebellion against her husband, but the plot was uncovered. Ivan disgraced Sofia and Vasily and had Dmitry crowned grand prince (1. However, in 1. 50. Vasily rebelled again and defected to the Lithuanians. Ivan was forced to compromise. At that stage of his war with Lithuania he could not risk the total alienation of his son and wife. And so, in 1. 50. Vasily and imprisoned Dmitry and his mother, Yelena. At home Ivan’s policy was to centralize the administration by stripping the appanage princes of land and authority. As for the boyars, they were stripped of much of their authority and swiftly executed or imprisoned if suspected of treason. Ivan’s reign saw the beginning of the pomestie system, whereby the servants of the grand prince were granted estates on a basis of life tenure and on condition of loyal service. Ivan’s last years were years of disappointment. The war against Lithuania had not ended as conclusively and satisfactorily as he had expected—much of Ukraine was still in the hands of a strangely buoyant enemy; his ecclesiastical plans for secularizing church lands had been thwarted at the Council of 1. Khanate of Kazan, which had been so carefully neutralized during Ivan’s reign, was beginning to rid itself of Muscovite tutelage. Ivan died in the autumn of 1. Assessment. In terms of political success, the 1. Ivan III was easily the greatest of all the descendants of Rurik, the reputed founder of Russia. No ruler of Muscovy until Peter I the Great, two centuries later, did more to consolidate and develop the achievements of his predecessors, to strengthen the authority of the monarch, or to lay the foundations for a centralized state. By means of cunning diplomacy and shrewdly calculated aggression, Ivan not only established Muscovy as a great power to be reckoned with by the rulers and diplomats of Europe but also set in motion the reconquest of the Ukraine from Poland and Lithuania. In spite of his great achievements, Ivan died unmourned and seemingly unloved. Singularly little is known about him as a man. He was tall and thin and had a slight stoop. It is said that women fainted in his presence, so frightened were they by his awesome gaze. His only known pleasures were those of the bed and the table. His contemporaries are silent about his virtues. Yet few scholars have underestimated the role of Ivan in the creation of the Russian state, and none dispute the significance of his diplomatic and military successes. It may be that the excessive cautiousness of his character, the lack of.
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